細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)功(gong)能(neng):細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)整個結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)完整性(xing)(xing)以及細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常生(sheng)命(ming)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)至關(guan)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。其功(gong)能(neng)概(gai)括(kuo)起(qi)來有(you)(you)(you)以下幾個方(fang)面(mian)。 (1)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界(jie)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)zui重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)。無論是(shi)(shi)(shi)真核(he)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)原核(he)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，都必定有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)個由一(yi)定膜(mo)(mo)(mo)結(jie)構(gou)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界(jie)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)，不(bu)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話就不(bu)會(hui)有(you)(you)(you)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)存(cun)在(zai)。細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)使(shi)生(sheng)命(ming)起(qi)源(yuan)(yuan)到了細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)，也(ye)(ye)保證了細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)生(sheng)命(ming)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常進(jin)行。細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)使(shi)各種(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)集中到一(yi)個相對穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)環境(jing)中，這樣有(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)和(he)能(neng)量(liang)代(dai)謝(xie)，也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)(yu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)發育(yu)。 (2)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)跨(kua)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)使(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)成(cheng)為(wei)一(yi)個相對獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統，但細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個封閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統，細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存(cun)、生(sheng)長(chang)和(he)發育(yu)依賴于(yu)(yu)(yu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)交(jiao)流。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)具有(you)(you)(you)選擇性(xing)(xing)，只有(you)(you)(you)在(zai)需要(yao)(yao)時(shi)，物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)才會(hui)被運轉(zhuan)。物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)既可(ke)(ke)以從(cong)濃度高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)側(ce)轉(zhuan)運到濃度低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)側(ce)，也(ye)(ye)可(ke)(ke)以從(cong)濃度低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)側(ce)轉(zhuan)運到濃度高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)側(ce)。前(qian)者(zhe)屬(shu)被動(dong)(dong)(dong)運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)，不(bu)需要(yao)(yao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)提(ti)供代(dai)謝(xie)能(neng)量(liang);后(hou)者(zhe)屬(shu)主(zhu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)，需要(yao)(yao)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)提(ti)供代(dai)謝(xie)能(neng)量(liang)。對于(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)(da)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)，細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)吞與外(wai)排(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)將(jiang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)包裹在(zai)囊(nang)泡中進(jin)行轉(zhuan)運。 (3)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)轉(zhuan)導膜(mo)(mo)(mo)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某(mou)些(xie)(xie)蛋白屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)受體蛋白，這些(xie)(xie)蛋白與胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)外(wai)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)相結(jie)合被激活(huo)(huo)，然后(hou)將(jiang)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)轉(zhuan)入胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)內(nei)(nei)，再通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)內(nei)(nei)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)轉(zhuan)導分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)沿信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)通(tong)路(lu)傳(chuan)遞，zui終產生(sheng)特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)學效(xiao)應(ying)。例如(ru)(ru)，某(mou)些(xie)(xie)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)激活(huo)(huo)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受體后(hou)，可(ke)(ke)促(cu)進(jin)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)增殖(zhi)。 (4)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間連(lian)(lian)接(jie)與通(tong)訊多(duo)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)體內(nei)(nei)，細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)進(jin)行細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)相互作用(yong)。動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間有(you)(you)(you)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，概(gai)括(kuo)起(qi)來為(wei):緊(jin)密連(lian)(lian)接(jie)、錨定連(lian)(lian)接(jie)和(he)間隙(xi)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)，植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)壁連(lian)(lian)接(jie)在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)。有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)(xie)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)訊提(ti)供結(jie)構(gou)基礎，如(ru)(ru)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間隙(xi)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)，在(zai)相鄰(lin)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間形(xing)成(cheng)孔道結(jie)構(gou);植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間連(lian)(lian)絲，也(ye)(ye)成(cheng)為(wei)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)轉(zhuan)運和(he)信(xin)(xin)息交(jiao)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)道。 (5)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識(shi)別(bie)(bie)，識(shi)別(bie)(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)對同種(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)異(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、同源(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)異(yi)源(yuan)(yuan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)以及對自己或(huo)異(yi)己分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識(shi)和(he)鑒別(bie)(bie)。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)表面(mian)受體與胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)外(wai)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇性(xing)(xing)相互作用(yong)，導致一(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)理生(sheng)化(hua)反應(ying)，從(cong)而實(shi)現(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)傳(chuan)遞。細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)識(shi)別(bie)(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)發育(yu)和(he)分(fen)(fen)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中一(yi)個十分(fen)(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環節(jie)，細(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)識(shi)別(bie)(bie)和(he)黏著形(xing)成(cheng)不(bu)同類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)。